Shoulder function after constraint-induced movement therapy assessed with 3D kinematics and clinical and patient reported outcomes: A prospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION: We hypothesised that reduced shoulder function post stroke improves during constraint-induced movement therapy and that improvement in scapula upward rotation measured with three-dimensional kinematics is associated with improvements in clinical and patient reported outcomes.

METHODS: Thirty-seven patients were tested pre and post constraint-induced movement therapy and again at three-month follow-up. Kinematic outcome measures - with scapula upward rotation as the primary outcome - during tasks 5 (ReachLow) and 6 (ReachHigh) from the Wolf Motor Function Test were included together with clinical and patient reported outcomes. Changes in outcome measures were analysed with linear mixed models and logistic regression analysis.

FINDINGS: Scapula upward rotation was reduced from 16.2° pre intervention through 15.9° post intervention to 15.6° at three-month follow-up during ReachHigh. Statistically significant reductions of <2° were also found for shoulder flexion during ReachLow and trunk lateral flexion during ReachHigh. The clinical and patient reported outcomes showed improvements post constraint-induced movement therapy, and at follow-up, the outcomes resembled post values.

INTERPRETATION: The minimal improvements in selected 3D kinematic measures of upper extremity movements did not reflect any clinically meaningful changes. Therefore, the clinical and patient reported improvements could not be related to restitution of shoulder function.